A, title X, 1069(a), Pub. [29] In addition, Section 1708.7 of the California Civil Code outlines grounds for an individual suing their cyberstalker and any accomplices for general damages, special damages, and punitive damages for cyberstalking. /Type /Page 146 0 obj L. 1134 not effective until the beginning of the fiscal year following Mar. /Resources << 4 0 obj /K 15 /K 5 WebAs a possible solution to this substantial problem of cyberstalking, criminal law has the potential to play an important role in cyberstalking cases. Pub. /K 5 /K [0 407 0 R 22] >> 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 43 0 obj A man or a woman committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine. /P 9 0 R endobj /S /P The first cyberstalking law went into effect just over a year ago in California, and Congress is considering a federal law. >> >> /S /P /K 14 /K 3 >> endobj << endobj >> << 78 0 obj /K 9 endobj << 2013Pub. Others send electronic viruses that can infect the victim's files. 99 532 0 R 100 541 0 R 101 542 0 R 102 543 0 R 103 544 0 R << >> /P 9 0 R /K 1 /S /Footnote >> /S /P /ColorSpace << /K [8 371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R] >> /Pg 19 0 R /K 2 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R /K 5 In early March 2011, U.S. 61 0 obj endobj >> /TT1 245 0 R 158 0 obj In addition, some of these newly written laws (like one in Connecticut) put more of an onus on the school system, mandating that the school's administration must intervene at the first sign of bullying. >> A cyberstalker acts of out of anger, or a need to control, or gain revenge over another person through threats, fear, and intimidation. /Pg 24 0 R null 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 630 0 R 562 0 R 155 0 R 563 0 R 155 0 R 564 0 R /S /P /S /P /K 11 endobj Cyber Crimes against Women in India: Problems, Perspectives and Solutions. << /K 2 /S /P /Filter /FlateDecode /Pg 32 0 R endobj WebCyberstalking is the use of the Internet, email, text messaging, or other electronic communications to follow someone in a threatening manner, and generally refers to using /Font << /Pg 25 0 R 19 0 obj >> /Pg 28 0 R >> /StructParents 2 WebAnnotate this Case. /StructParents 11 46 0 obj /K [2 403 0 R 33 404 0 R 35 405 0 R 37 406 0 R 39] endobj /P 9 0 R While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 81 0 obj /S /Table 433 0 R null 428 0 R 88 0 R 429 0 R 88 0 R 430 0 R 88 0 R] >> /P 9 0 R 73 0 obj >> /K 6 /P 9 0 R >> 12 [125 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R null 504 0 R null /K [3 544 0 R 36 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R] >> /Pg 17 0 R /P 9 0 R >> >> >> << << << /K 2 >> endobj >> >> << /S /P << 124 0 obj >> endobj >> Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). /P 9 0 R << /K 10 endobj Web18 U.S. Code 2261A - Stalking. /Pg 15 0 R /P 9 0 R [43][44] Another issue is that would make violation of the law a felony, rather than a misdemeanor as has been done in most states. << 109 0 R 470 0 R 109 0 R 471 0 R 109 0 R 472 0 R 109 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 339 0 R Nothing; existing stalking laws can apply. /K 3 << /Count 5 20 [204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 581 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R /ColorSpace << http://www.haltabuse.org/resources/laws/federal.shtml. State v. Robert Bishop, 787 S.E.2d 814 (N.C. 2016). This website contains the federal and individual state laws on cyberstalking. 201 0 obj /S /P /S /Footnote Students at her school had bullied her for months in school, and that harassment eventually moved online as well. /S /P An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. WebCaselaw Access Project cases. >> /ColorSpace << | Cato @ Liberty", "Hate, Cyber-Bullying Bills Could Threaten Talk Radio |", "Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) - H.R.1966 - THOMAS (Library of Congress)", "Federal bill will help combat harassment and cyberbullying on college campuses", http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d112:2:./temp/~bd1uH9:@@@L&summ2=m&%7C/home/LegislativeData.php%7C, "Problematic 'Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act' Returns to Congress", "The Tyler Clementi Act and Threats to Free Speech", Missouri Revised Statutes, Chapter 565, Offenses Against the Person, Section 565.090; August 28, 2010, State Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment and Cyberbullying Laws, National Conference of State Legislatures, United States, State Cyberbullying Laws (United States), A brief review of state cyberbullying laws and policies, Megan Meier Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberstalking_legislation&oldid=1124406909, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. /S /P What is Cyberstalking? It is a specific federal crime and falls under a federal stalking statute as part of the Violence Against Women Act of 2005. The law was amended in 2013 to include stalking by the Internet or by telephone and no longer requires that the perpetrator and victim live in different legal jurisdictions. /Pg 18 0 R /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 24 0 R What are the Penalties for Cyberstalking? /S /P [26] After sending hundreds of threatening e-mails to an actress, another male convicted after spending months in jail waiting for trial was sentenced in 2001 to five years probation, forbidden access to computers and forced to attend mental health counseling. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 192 0 obj /S /P /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /Pg 19 0 R /P 9 0 R [50] Stalking has been defined as a man or woman who follows or contacts a man or woman, despite clear indication of disinterest to such contact by the man or woman, or monitoring of use of internet or electronic communication of a man or a woman. >> Hassalo Street, Portland, OR 97213-3644, United States. >> /S /P /Type /Catalog (2)(A). /S /P /Keywords () 33 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R /P 9 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 31 0 R /StructParents 14 << Thus, something that may be deemed cyberbullying at first glance may, in fact, be more akin to something like parody or similar. Official websites use .gov /P 9 0 R >> On the Internet, public messages can be accessed by anyone at any time. << /Resources << L. 106386, div. L. 106386 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. /Rotate 0 In the United Kingdom, cyberharassment can be prosecuted under the Protection from Harassment Act of 1997 or the Malicious Communications Act of 1988. >> /Type /Page (2010). /K 16 /Pg 19 0 R 33 0 R 364 0 R 41 0 R 365 0 R 41 0 R 366 0 R 42 0 R] 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] [20], While some laws are written such that the focus on cyberbullying is the set of acts that occur within a school, others are more general, targeting cyberbullying no matter where it occurs. /S /P /K 2 << /Rotate 0 << /S /P endobj /K [1 529 0 R 22 530 0 R 24 531 0 R 26 532 0 R 28] << << /P 9 0 R Nappinai, N, S. (2010). 875 (c), it is a federal crime, punishable by up to five years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000, to 111 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj endobj Halder, D. & Jaishankar, K. (2008). Cybercrimes are a relatively new area of law, and regulations continue to evolve. /TT2 244 0 R << << /Parent 3 0 R 87 0 obj Web144 Green Acres Ln, PO Box 111, Green Mountain, NC 28740 . >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 14 0 obj 143 0 obj [5], Commonwealth offences that criminalise the misuse of telecommunication services are also relevant when technology is used to communicate harassment[6] or threats. /Parent 8 0 R endobj endobj /K [504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R] 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R L. 1134, set out as a note under section 2261 of this title. << 69 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /ColorSpace << )[25] Its first use resulted in a six-year sentence for a man who harassed a woman who could identify him. /P 9 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R /K 2 /Contents 356 0 R /Pg 26 0 R null 408 0 R null 409 0 R null 410 0 R null 411 0 R null 412 0 R >> endobj /StructParents 0 /K 26 << /P 9 0 R << /K [7 413 0 R 24 414 0 R 26] /S /P /ColorSpace << [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. 200 0 obj /K [19 580 0 R] >> endobj /Pg 31 0 R /TT2 285 0 R >> 162 0 obj /Underline /Span 100 0 obj /S /P endobj /P 9 0 R 14 [140 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R null 533 0 R null 534 0 R null 535 0 R << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Cyberstalking is a type of online harassment that involves using electronic means to stalk a victim, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious endobj /Pg 30 0 R endobj /S /P 213 0 obj 16, pp. endobj >> >> /K [2 499 0 R 25 500 0 R 27 501 0 R 502 0 R 503 0 R] << /K 6 << /K [1 496 0 R 19 497 0 R 21 498 0 R 23] /Pg 32 0 R >> 17 0 obj 139 0 obj << endobj /Pg 25 0 R 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R 633 0 R 574 0 R 164 0 R] /K [3 468 0 R 38] B, title I, 1107(b)(1), Pub. /TT1 244 0 R /ColorSpace << /Type /Page /Type /Page /Pg 15 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /Rotate 0 /K 1 /S /P /Count 21 199 0 obj 83 0 obj endobj /Pg 30 0 R endobj << A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. /Pg 21 0 R 96 0 R 445 0 R 96 0 R 446 0 R 96 0 R 452 0 R 98 0 R 453 0 R 103 0 R] An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. /S /P endobj Par. >> Although there are often existing laws that prohibit stalking or harassment in a general sense, legislators sometimes believe that such laws are inadequate or do not go far enough, and thus bring forward new legislation to address this perceived shortcoming. WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 15 0 R << 62 0 obj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /Parent 8 0 R /Pages 3 0 R Florida also has an aggravated cyberstalking law. 2018Par. endobj endobj 42 404 0 R 43 405 0 R 44 406 0 R 45 407 0 R 46 413 0 R << /K [431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R] >> /P 9 0 R /S /P /Pg 27 0 R /S /P >> /Rotate 0 177 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << << 221 0 obj /Contents 268 0 R << 140 0 obj 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 57 430 0 R 58 444 0 R 59 445 0 R 60 446 0 R 61 452 0 R State laws can deal with some forms of cyberbullying, such as documents containing threats,[4] and threats to destroy and damage property. 54 0 obj endobj >> endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Svdraa /P 9 0 R 18 [164 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R << 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /TT1 245 0 R 210 0 obj 50 0 obj WebCyberstalking's definition is quite simply, the use of the internet, or other electronic means, to harass and intimidate a selected victim. /Annots [292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R] >> /StructParents 15 endobj /Annots [310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /Parent 8 0 R /K 4 "Electronic communication" means any transfer of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds, data or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelectric or photo-optical system. >> endobj endobj /Annots [354 0 R] /Contents [233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R] << Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism. << << WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. /Nums [64 465 0 R 65 466 0 R 66 467 0 R 67 468 0 R 68 469 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Pg 22 0 R Webfocuses on the difficulties of dealing with international crime in general and international (cyber)stalking in specific. /Pg 14 0 R /Pg 30 0 R >> /Font << Stalking a person online may also involve stalking the person in real life. 120 0 obj << /K 1 /P 9 0 R 147 0 obj 6 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 584 0 R /Pg 25 0 R /TT0 243 0 R 138 0 obj << << 104 0 obj 164 0 obj endobj endobj /Parent 8 0 R /Type /Page endobj /TT0 243 0 R 117 0 obj /K 14 /Parent 7 0 R Some U.S. states have begun to address the problem of cyberbullying. /StructParents 6 endobj << [41] Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics, 31(1), 16 30. /Pg 19 0 R /Resources << Cyberstalking a child under the age of 16 or a person of any age for which the offender has been ordered by the courts not to contact is considered "aggravated stalking," a third degree felony under Florida law. endobj /Resources << /K 5 /ModDate (D:20110216102938+01'00') /Type /StructTreeRoot Cybercrime is a growing concern to countries at all levels of developments and affects both, buyers and sellers. /K 7 /P 9 0 R >> /Contents 274 0 R /K 6 /P 9 0 R 133 0 obj 149 0 obj purposes: (c) Telecommunications carriers, commercial mobile service providers, and providers of information services, including, but not limited to, Internet service providers and hosting service providers, are not liable under this Section, except for willful and wanton misconduct, by virtue of the transmission, storage, or caching of electronic communications or messages of others or by virtue of the provision of other related telecommunications, commercial mobile services, or information services used by others in violation of this Section. [23] It also lists those states that do not have laws yet and related laws from other countries. >> Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. endobj 145 0 obj endobj stream /Parent 6 0 R /K 6 /Pg 13 0 R 203 0 obj >> /P 9 0 R >> /StructParents 19 /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj endobj Despite the fact that Canada does not have any formal laws that deal specifically with cyberstalking, existing stalking laws do encompass electronic stalking as a criminal activity. /Pg 31 0 R /S /P /Resources << /K [2 541 0 R 30 542 0 R 32 543 0 R 34] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 106 0 obj /S /P /Pg 23 0 R 42 0 obj /TT1 244 0 R /S /P Google Scholar Eck J. E., Weisburd D. (1995). 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << 2 /Font << >> /K [5 425 0 R 23 426 0 R 25 427 0 R 27] >> /S /P /S /P endobj >> /Pg 18 0 R /Resources << Washington state has enacted a criminal cyber-stalking statute that threatens its citizens with prosecution and incarceration for innocent online speech protected by the First Amendment. 150 0 obj 10 0 obj 93 0 obj /P 9 0 R 163 0 obj 114 0 obj 369 0 R null 370 0 R null 367 0 R 44 0 R 368 0 R 44 0 R] 8-11-09. endobj 40 0 obj /K 4 << >> /Type /Page /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] null 407 0 R 66 0 R 413 0 R 74 0 R 414 0 R 74 0 R 415 0 R 75 0 R 416 0 R << The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. /S /P /Length 1250 /Chart /Figure 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R] << While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource listing current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. endobj /S /Footnote 29 0 obj << Google Scholar Eck J. E., Clarke R. V. (2003). >> >> /StructParents 7 /Pg 28 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /Resources << >> Blunt Signs Bill Outlawing Cyberbullying", "Federal judge blocks Washington state cyberstalking law", "How punishing people for 'doxxing' could prove tricky for Washington lawmakers", "Cyberbullying Bill Gets Chilly Reception", "Federal Cyberbullying Law: 'Worth a Try'? /K 2 /S /P As part of his sentence, the court also entered a restitution order of $164,295.01, payable to the victims of the offense. endobj /Annots [324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R] 94 526 0 R 95 527 0 R 96 529 0 R 97 530 0 R 98 531 0 R >> /S /P /K [2 564 0 R 30 565 0 R 32] This is equally true when dealing with cyberbullying. >> << /P 9 0 R 194 0 obj 72 0 obj >> 115 0 obj [36] However, the constitutionality of this law has been challenged in courts, with Judge Ronald B. Leighton of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled in February 2019 that the law as written could include "a large range of non-obscene, non-threatening speech" and that "As a result even public criticisms of public figures and public officials could be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment". An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. 64 0 obj 126 0 obj /XObject << /TT0 243 0 R >> Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. << << /P 9 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R /K [447 0 R 448 0 R 449 0 R 450 0 R 451 0 R] /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /S /Footnote /Type /Pages 401 0 R null 389 0 R 62 0 R 390 0 R 62 0 R 391 0 R 62 0 R 392 0 R 62 0 R /P 9 0 R /Contents 280 0 R >> >> /K 8 /P 9 0 R endobj endobj causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of paragraph (1)(A). /TT2 245 0 R /Pg 14 0 R /K 6 endobj 105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R endobj << /S /P Assembly, Senate pass 'Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights' in wake of Tyler Clementi's death", "Stronger Anti-Bullying Bill Approved By Committee", "Grieving family by his side, governor signs legislation", Current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws, Despite Laws, Stalkers Roam On the Internet, Cyberstalking garnering more serious response, Man convicted of cyberstalking to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing, "Mom's Campaign for Florida Anti-Bully Law Finally Pays Off - ABC News", "Cyber Bullying Illegal: Mass. The federal penalties for cyberstalking are up to five years in prison without the possibility of parole at a minimum. 6-1-09; 96-328, eff. >> 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both.[1]. /Pg 16 0 R LockA locked padlock /S /P /Rotate 0 >> WebCyberstalking Laws. /K 6 /Pg 31 0 R In the US, in practice, there is little legislative difference between the concepts of "cyberbullying" and "cyberstalking." /S /P /Type /Page 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /S /P 47 414 0 R 48 415 0 R 49 416 0 R 50 418 0 R 51 424 0 R 186 0 obj /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R 76 0 R] /Annots [228 0 R] 179 0 obj /Limits [32 63] /Pg 27 0 R << /Pg 21 0 R << >> endobj << /Diagram /Figure 120 0 R 484 0 R 120 0 R 485 0 R 121 0 R 486 0 R 121 0 R] This chapter examines various forms of "cyberstalking;" legal responses by governments in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia; the challenges law enforcement officers face when investigating the problem; and the control and prevention of cyberstalking. >> /P 9 0 R /K [490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R] 89 0 obj endobj /Annotation /Span 13 0 obj /Pg 24 0 R >> /S /Footnote << endobj << WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. What Federal Laws Exist To Protect Stalking Victims? 42 U.S.C. Section 3796 and 42 U.S.C. Section 14031 authorize grants for law enforcement agencies to develop programs to reduce stalking and for states to develop local, state, and national databases regarding stalking. 42 U.S.C. Section 14036 requires judges to ensure they review the stalker's criminal history prior to issuance of a civil court orders in stalking cases. /Pg 17 0 R /TT0 243 0 R 207 0 obj endobj /S /P /Font << 137 0 obj /K [9 416 0 R 30 417 0 R] /Annots [246 0 R 247 0 R] 189 0 obj >> WebAccording to Florida Statute 775.082, if an individual is convicted of first-degree misdemeanor cyberstalking, the individual will be punished with up to one year in jail, and a fine of up to $1,000. /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 22 0 R 11 0 obj endobj /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /K [6 515 0 R] << /Contents 291 0 R /P 9 0 R << << /Pg 13 0 R /S /P 2 0 obj 16 [153 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R null 556 0 R [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. /Pg 17 0 R >> endobj /S /P /Pg 25 0 R endobj << /K [360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R] /K [556 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R] There are several forms of cyberstalking, including: Harassing the victim Embarrassing and humiliating the victim Exerting financial control by emptying the victims bank accounts, or by ruining his credit Review the stalker 's criminal history prior to issuance of a civil Court in... 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