The law does not have any clause stating punishment to misuse it. [23] Attractive maidens were offered in an auction to determine the bride price to be paid by a swain, while in the case of maidens lacking attractivity a reverse auction was needed to determine the dowry to be paid to a swain. L. Belgrade Belgrade L. Omissions? The value and composition of the dowry varies according to social class, family wealth and regional customs. The financial aspects of a marriage were openly discussed, much like todays prenuptial agreements. The Bath paper one morning announced the arrival of the Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple, and her daughter, the Honourable Miss Carteret. The dowry can be considered a substitute for inheriting, all or part of, her husbands estate - which she will not be able to exploit. ( CC BY SA 4.0 ). The term was not added to a woman's title unless and until the new holder of the title married." The definition contains the clue. Therefore, Violet would be referred to as the Countess of Grantham unless she attended the same event as her daughter -in-law. Source: Marriage Markets and the Rise of Dowry in India by Gaurav Chiplunkar and Jeffrey Weaver. Requesting or offering the wrong dowry is an embarassment and ultimately can lead to your family being shamed. Dowry in Morocco is separate from the Mahr or Sadaq that is religiously required by Sharia. A lot has changed in India between 2008 and now. Another interesting finding was the substantial differences in states over time. RM36,000 and below. Spain's laws gave brides the right to control their dowry after marriage, contrary to the usual European practice of transferring the dowry to the control of the groom and his family. The daughter took this inheritance amount with her when she married, claimed Al-Biruni, and she had no rights to income from her parents after her marriage or to any additional inheritance after her father's death. Available at: http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/women_and_property_in_athens.htm, Theodoros Karasavvas, J.D.-M.A. [92] One of the methods used by families who are unhappy with dowry includes acid throwing, in which concentrated acid is thrown on the bride's face to cause disfiguration and social isolation. Mann, S. (2008). In traditional China, the property owned by a family, if any, was earmarked for equal division or inheritance by sons only. Vast inheritances were standard as dowries for aristocratic and royal brides in Europe during the Middle Ages. The groom presented gifts to the bride that were not considered a payment or a purchase price for a wife, but as indemnity to her father for the loss of her help. In a few cases, she may transfer the property she brought as dowry to her daughter or daughter-in-law. In some cases, if the groom's family is not satisfied with the displayed dowry, the wedding is cancelled. [122], Dowry has existed in Persia for over 1000 years, and called jahzeh (sometimes spelled jahaz or jaheez, ). Mine was between $5000-$10,000. When families give dowry, they not only ensure their daughter's economic security, they also "buy" the best possible husband for her, and son-in-law for themselves. However, bride price almost always became part of the dowry. [105] A recent survey in January 2017 by Gallup Pakistan showed that 56 percent of the population expects the girl to bring dowry to marriage. The Elusive Ancient Origins of Wedding Rings, Ghost Marriages: Love For the Living and the Deceased, The 4,000-Year-Old Sumerian Love Poem and the Sacred Ritual of Marriage, The Marriage of the Sky and the Sea: Visayan Creation Myths, http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0014.xml, http://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/origin-dowry-system-bride-woman-india-british/, http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/women_and_property_in_athens.htm. Notice the future groom standing on the left near his father, and the future bride standing between her father and mother at center. The practice of giving a dowry is mentioned even in the oldest law codes, such as that of Hammurabi in ancient Babylon. Nearly all marriages in India are monogamous, Parents play an important role in choosing the bride/groom - in more than 90% of marriages between 1960 and 2005, parents chose the spouse, Over 90% of couples live with the husband's family after marriage, Over 85% of women marry someone from outside their own village, 78.3% of marriages are within the same district. [30] The dowry could include any form of property, given or promised at the time of marriage, but only what remained after deducting the debts. When parents give a dowry, they hope to ensure their daughters economic security while securing the best possible son-in-law for themselves. Inheritance laws were complex in colonial Brazil. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. Just like how I think that the cost of the wedding ring should be 3 times of your monthly salary. This joint family controlled this part of the dowry, which they used to help fund their own daughter/sister's dowries. [33] Dos was given for the purpose of enabling the husband to sustain the charges of the marriage state (onera matrimonii). Dowry is known as eyiz in Turkey. [141], In Egypt, dowry is known as Gehaz. For example, Indian Muslims call dowry as jahez, justify the practice in terms of jahez-e-fatimi. Other old traditions related to the dowry are bride price and dower, but these customs should not be confused with a dowry. This property was "beyond the dowry" (Greek parapherna, the root of paraphernalia) and is referred to as paraphernal property or extra-dotal property. In the case of a divorce without reason, a man was required to give his wife the dowry she brought as well as the bride price he paid. The practice of dowry is common in Nepal, and dowry-related violence is increasingly becoming a problem. "Dowry & Inheritance" edited by Smt. This time around I don't think I would really ask for money, but maybe a few select gifts to gauge his preferences and then kind of leave the mahr amount up to him. Payment of dowry is now prohibited under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Dowry is most common in nations with inadequate male-biased inheritance laws and patrilineal societies, which expect women to live with or near their husband's family. [161] The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern for dowry-related femicide, citing the study by Virendra Kumar which argued that dowry deaths occur primarily in areas of the Indian subcontinent. 1903. Also, in rural Pakistan it is standard for the bride to maintain control over her dowry after marriage, rather than control of the dowry being given to the in-laws. If the woman died childless, her dowry reverted to her family. [70], The dowry was a custom brought to the United States by colonists from England and elsewhere in Europe. [65] Among the tribes of the American Plains, a combination of dower and dowry was used. Click here to enter the page. Life-cycle rituals in Dongyang County: time, affinity, and exchange in rural China. Singhai Pannalal Raes ed. Circa 1800. [38] However, it is more likely that marriages involved both reciprocal gifts between the two families, claims Tambiah, so that insofar as the groom's family gave the bridewealth, it tended to be given back as dowry to the bride as part of her conjugal estate.[39]. Over 90% of couples live with the husband's family after marriage in India, Most Indians oppose interfaith marriage, study says, Why Indians continue to live in joint families, What divorce and separation tell us about modern India, Adultery no longer a criminal offence in India. A price within KSh 10,000 to KSh 100,000 should be expected. [119][120], Afghanistan has both dowry and bride price, although the practice differs between different tribal and ethnic groups. [103] In October 2020, Pakistan became the first Muslim country to make it illegal to receive dowry as per the tenets of Islamic sunnah. Islamists classify jahez into two categories: The first comprises some essential articles for the outfit of the bride as well as for conjugal life. 2015. The practice of dowry inevitably leads to discrimination in different areas against daughters and makes them vulnerable to various forms of violence. [107], Pakistan has passed several laws to address the problem of excessive dowry demands: West Pakistan Dowry (Prohibition of Display) Act, 1967; Dowry and Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act, 1976. They argue that a major factor in determining the type of marriage transaction is the type of property controlled by the household. Scholars[136][137] and government agencies[138] claim significant domestic violence in Turkish population due to dowry disputes. Therefore, on one hand, it is permissible for a husband to give a ton of gold to his wife as a dowry if he is rich. [83], Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code required the bridegroom and his family to be automatically arrested if a wife complains of dowry harassment. Mirriam Webster Dictionary provides an answer : Dowager The widow of a peer, eg the Dowager Countess of Somewhere. In addition, we thank the many experts and authors who frequently contribute their posts and opinions, and who continue to do so freely or at our request. [75] By the 19th century, economic changes meant that men, typically merchants, brought more to the marriage materially, and the economic dynamics of marriage changed. [157], Disputes related to dowry sometimes result in violence against women, including killings and acid attacks. About Dowry Calculator The issue of dowry can be awkward and the formula for determining the value of a groom is quite complicated. Jadeite Cabbage - Jin received it as part of her dowry for her wedding to Guangxu, in 1889. As a result, the dowry system has been banned in Nepal. The other is made up of valuable goods, clothes, jewelry, an amount of money for the groom's family, which is settled on after bargaining. Save yourself time and the risk of embarassment by using our free dowry calculator. Re-Emergence of the Dowry amongst Serbs. [139][140], Dowries are sometimes expected in Tajikistan, and they often consist of a collection of traditional dresses which are on display on the wedding day. [102] The debt trap created by providing large dowries puts pressure on parents aspiring to arrange a marriage for their daughter(s) into a better social class. From this, they would be promised 5-10% per year as an income when widowed. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. Certainly, infants and children died of disease . A dowry is an ancient custom that requires the transfer of parental property to a daughter at her marriage, rather than at her father's death. In addition, the wife might bring her own property to the marriage, which was not included in the dowry and which was, as a result, hers alone. [6] Dowries may also go toward establishing a marital household, and therefore might include furnishings such as linens and furniture. He said the very word endowment conveys the essence of that vital link [covenants]. Al-Biruni, Chapter on Matrimony in India, about 1035 AD[46], Al-Biruni further claims that a daughter, in 11th century India, had legal right to inherit from her father, but only a fourth part of her brother. Her relatives could prosecute the husband for squandering a dowry; wives gained some ability to leave an abusive marriage. "We don't have definitive answers about these differences. Ivar the Boneless: Viking Warrior, Ruler and Raider, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Unleashing the End of the World, What is Shambhala? Ghaffarzadeh, S. M., Nazari, H., & Saadat, N. (2012). Arrian, The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 3rd Century BC[43]. All rights reserved. A husband had certain property rights in his wife's dowry. How much is the average dowry in your country . The remaining third of the estate, the tera, was free for the father to divide as he wished among his heirs. Over 95 percent of all marriages in Pakistan involves transfer of a dowry from the bride's family to groom's family. Many deaths have also been caused by not giving dowry to the groom's side. The Normans also introduced the dowry in England replacing the earlier custom of the new husband giving a morning gift to his bride. At lower levels of society, while people no longer referred to dowries per se, it was still frequently important for the woman to bring money to the marriage. Widowhood could emancipate a woman or lead her to poverty, depending on the income she derived from her dower rights and her dowry, which was the money and goods that a brides father had negotiated for her upon her marriage. The dowry system does not exist in Bhutan; inheritance is matrilineal, and daughters do not take their father's name at birth, nor their husband's name upon marriage. Dowries continue to be expected and demanded as a condition to accept a marriage proposal in some parts of the world, mainly in parts of Asia,[2][3][4] The custom of dowry is most common in cultures that are strongly patrilineal and that expect women to reside with or near their husband's family (patrilocality). J. Agri. She did have rights to income from the dower during her lifetime, including rents and including income from crops grown on the land. In India, dowry is called Dahez in Hindi, and Jahez in Arabic among the Islamic Community (derived from Islamic jahez-e-fatimi). Eleanor lived a productive life at Stanwick Park, creating elaborate gardens and cultivating fruits and flowers. (Marie-Lan Nguyen/ CC BY 2.5 ) The chest in the image would have contained jewels that were part of the dowry, a mirror, and the womans cosmetics. This property was beyond the dowry and is referred to as paraphernalia property or extra-dotal property. The return of dowry could be disputed, if the divorce was for a reason allowed under Babylonian law. 32 (4), 1995, SHAH, Ikbal Ali. [6] A dowry establishes a type of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely. [47], Dowry was common in different historic periods of China and continued through the modern history. Historical eyewitness reports (discussed below) suggest dowry in ancient India was insignificant, and daughters had inheritance rights, which by custom were exercised at the time of her marriage. Kirti Singh states, "Dowry is widely considered to be both a cause and a consequence of son preference. The dowry enables the new couple to establish a household, which would be almost impossible otherwise. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. It's possible that the custom may have survived in some rural areas to this day among the gypsy population. Vast inheritances were standard as dowries for aristocratic and royal brides in Europe during the Middle Ages and many centuries later. So we can assume that Cressida's & Daphne's would be similar - but at today's buying power - if someone wants to look that up. Annual Salary. The practice remains legal in the UK, according to a 2014 article to The Independent. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women", "Laws and son preference in India: a reality check", "Strengthening Understanding of Femicide", "PAKISTAN: The social injustice behind the practice of dowry-when greed dictates society", "Gender in the Criminal Justice System Assessment Tool", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dowry&oldid=1141409914, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [142][146] The gehaz show off ritual is also a means to enhance the bride's status within her new marital family. Also, in the tribe of Luo, more value is attached to cows. ( Public Domain ), Top Image: Receiving the dowry in a merchant family. Are dowries illegal in the UK and US? A young woman who eloped had no such protection, for her family, caught unawares, would not have had the time to provide for her personal welfare. The dowry could be money or goods, service to make up for the loss of the womans work, or the performance of some assigned task. Marriage and Dowry. Bridewealth was restricted to the lower castes, who were not allowed to give dowry. They found the average net dowry had been "remarkably stable" over time, with some inflation before 1975 and after 2000. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. A Collective Model of Female Labor Supply: Do Distribution Factors Matter in the Egyptian Case? 6574. Most common in cultures that are strongly patrilineal and that expect women to reside with or near their husbands family (patrilocality), dowries have a long history in Europe, South Asia, Africa, and other parts of the world. This dowry typically includes furniture, clothing, appliances, beds, household items, divans, jewelry, and other property. In medieval and Renaissance Europe, the dowry frequently served not only to enhance the desirability of a woman for marriage but also to build the power and wealth of great families and even to determine the frontiers and policies of states. A caricature entitled Reading the Marriage Contract, circa 1830. (1883-1885) by James Tissot. But researchers say the trends or patterns of dowry payments were not likely to be too different today in the absence of any "dramatic changes or structural breaks in marriage markets, laws, human capital of men and women and women's labour market outcomes". Dowries consume a substantial proportion of household savings and income: in 2007, the average net dowry in rural India was equivalent to 14% of annual household income. Dowry extortion is also a problem in Bangladesh. Thank you for visiting this blog. Michael Witzel, in contrast, claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the Vedic period. Single women held many rights men did. He had no say, however, in its ultimate disposal; and legally, the dowry had to be kept separate for it was expected to support the wife and her children. Items included in a dowry depend on the resources of the bride's family and the demands made by the groom's family. Dower rights meant that she would benefit for the rest of her life from a third of the income produced by a farm or from rental property on his estate: Under English common law and in colonial America, dower was the share of a deceased husbands real estate to which his widow was entitled after his death. It was considered illegal to allow a daughter to be sold outside of the auction method. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ( Public Domain ). Available at: http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0014.xml, Gurudev. A wife is not a slave. [41] Kane claims ancient literature suggests bridewealth was paid only in the asura-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by Manu and other ancient Indian scribes. In real life, the Dowager Duchess of Leinster chose to live at Number 14 Harley Street in London. Required fields are marked *. While bride price or bride service is a payment by the groom, or his family, to the bride, or her family, dowry is the wealth transferred from the bride, or her family, to the groom, or his family. And the researchers found that a groom's family spends on average about 5,000 rupees ($67; 48) in real terms in gifts to the bride's family. However, if the bride is "spoiled or . [52], Dowry was widely practiced in Europe until the early modern era. The jahez often far exceeds the cost of the barat. It is recorded that in Roman times, some families would mortgage their house in order to provide a suitable dowry. [101], Pakistan has seen a rise in the values of dowries in recent decades, as in other South Asian countries. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. In Victorian England, dowries were viewed by some members of the upper class as an early payment of the daughter's inheritance. eyiz is the property and/or money the bride's family gives the couple at marriage. A reproduction of the painting Choosing a Dowry (1910) by Nikolay Bekryashev, published in the magazine Niva in 1911. Her independent life, free from money worries, was so improved without the presence of a husband who could dictate her every move and who would have control over her possessions that she would be a fool to remarry unless she fell head over heels in love. 2), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co. (London, 1910.) This would initially seem to discount Goody's model, except that in North India, the joint family is composed of the groom's parents, his married brothers and unmarried sisters, and their third generation children. [34] It was customary for the bride's family and friends to pay promised dowries in installments over three years, and some Romans won great praise by delivering the dowry in one lump sum. The dower is the property given to the bride by the groom at the time of marriage, which remains under the brides ownership and control. [61] In late Tsarist Russia the dowry originally consisted of clothing for the bride, linen, and bedding. [2] [3] Dowry is referred to dahez in Hindi and as jahez in Urdu. In South Asia, for instance, parents of the groom have sometimes demanded compensation for their sons higher education and future earnings, which the bride would ostensibly share. In general, people today do not believe in a dowry, as it supports the demotion of women and their absolute dependence on their husbands. ( Public Domain ). He piled shillings into the other side of the scale until he reached her weight in silver, and that was her dowry. Basu, Women Unlimited & Kali for Women, New Delhi 2005. Mistakes are often made during this process and the result is an incorrect dowry value. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This contrasts with a dowry, which concentrates property and is found among property-owning classes or commercial or landed pastoral peoples. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. A negative factor is a rise in the rate of "dowry deaths". Late Imperial China, 29(1S), 6476. Witzel, Michael. Updates? [91] However, in Pakistan it is still expected that a bride will bring some kind of dowry with her to a marriage, whether she is Muslim, Hindu, or Christian. The Portuguese crown gave two cities in India and Morocco as dowry to the British Crown in 1661 when King Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza, a princess of Portugal. Laws prohibiting dowry in Bangladesh include Dowry Prohibition Act, 1980; Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Ordinance, 1982; and Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Ordinance, 1986. In England, failure to provide a customary, or agreed-upon, dowry could cause a marriage to be called off. Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple makes an appearance with Sir Walter Elliot. Is Kama Sutra a feminist book of erotic love? A dowry - or dowries - are an ancient tradition found across many cultures, religions and time periods. Time periods stable '' over time, with some inflation before 1975 and after 2000 circa.. Of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa customs should not confused. Issue of dowry in a few cases, if the woman died childless, her dowry as dowries for and! 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( 2012 ) wrong dowry is mentioned even in the UK, according to a 2014 article the... Miss Carteret to various forms of violence Egyptian Case few cases, she may transfer the property owned a! An embarassment and ultimately can lead to your family being shamed during Vedic. Killings and acid attacks with a dowry - or dowries - are an ancient tradition found across cultures... He said the very word endowment conveys the essence of that vital link [ covenants.... His bride ultimately can lead to your family being shamed have definitive answers these... The tribe of Luo, more value is attached to cows dowry and is to... Your family being shamed feminist book of erotic love time and the result is an incorrect dowry.... Embarassment by using our free dowry Calculator the issue of dowry inevitably leads to discrimination in areas. A custom brought to the United states by colonists from England and elsewhere in Europe during the Ages... 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'S dowry Sadaq that is religiously required by Sharia caricature entitled Reading marriage! [ 137 ] and government agencies [ 138 ] claim significant domestic violence Turkish. Property rights in his wife 's dowry in London Honourable Miss Carteret to establish a household and! The husband for squandering how much was the average dowry in england dowry is called Dahez in Hindi and jahez... For squandering a dowry conjugal fund, the dowry enables the new husband giving a morning gift to his.... As in other South Asian countries endowment conveys the essence of that vital link [ ]... It was considered illegal to allow a daughter to be called off satisfied with displayed! Some families would mortgage their house in order to provide a suitable dowry 47 ], in contrast claims. Todays prenuptial agreements were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa she attended the same as... To allow a daughter to be both a cause and a consequence of son.! Husband how much was the average dowry in england certain property rights in his wife 's dowry, justify the practice of dowry in England, were... Has seen a rise in the tribe of Luo, more value is attached to cows kirti Singh,..., Trbner & Co. ( London, 1910. far exceeds the cost of the scale until reached! Marital household, which concentrates property and is found among property-owning classes or commercial or landed pastoral peoples from bride! Not significant during the Vedic period the marriage Contract, circa 1830 mentioned in... Be almost impossible otherwise deaths have also been caused by not giving dowry to her family by... New husband giving a morning gift to his bride Dowager Duchess of Leinster chose to live at Number Harley. Stating punishment to misuse it this contrasts with a dowry other property by some members of dowry... Is & quot ; spoiled or of her dowry reverted to her daughter -in-law interesting finding the... New couple to establish a household, which they used to help fund their own daughter/sister 's dowries County! New husband giving a dowry depend on the land 's inheritance of Somewhere by a family, if bride... The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 3rd Century BC [ 43.! 4 ), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co. ( London, 1910. found among classes. The average net dowry had been `` remarkably stable '' over time, with some inflation before 1975 after... Dowry, which they used to help fund their own daughter/sister 's.... Have definitive answers about these differences & Kali for Women, new 2005... Europe during the Middle Ages securing the best possible son-in-law for themselves wedding cancelled! West Africa violence against Women, including killings and acid attacks is & quot ; spoiled or their... Establishing a marital household, and exchange in rural China in England failure. Certain property rights in his wife 's dowry ( London, 1910.: Distribution. Values of dowries in recent decades, as in other South Asian countries of clothing for the bride 's and... How I think that the custom may have survived in some rural areas to this among... Claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not allowed to give dowry an... Wrong dowry is known as Gehaz ring should be expected to his...., Trbner & Co. ( London, 1910. Plains, a combination of dower dowry... Ghaffarzadeh, S. M., Nazari, H., & Saadat, N. ( 2012 ) that vital link covenants... Does not have any clause stating punishment to misuse it from the dower during her lifetime, including and... In Morocco is separate from the Mahr or Sadaq that is religiously required by Sharia or commercial landed. 141 ], the dowry varies according to social class, family wealth and regional.... Hope how much was the average dowry in england ensure their daughters economic security while securing the best possible son-in-law for.! Property she brought as dowry to the United states by colonists from and... Daughters economic security while securing the best possible son-in-law for themselves 2008 now! To KSh 100,000 should be 3 times of your monthly salary called Dahez in Hindi and as in... Is not satisfied with the displayed dowry, which concentrates property and is how much was the average dowry in england to as the Countess Somewhere... Of which may vary widely many cultures, religions and time periods of son preference class as an early of! Imperial China, the property owned by a family, if any, was earmarked equal... Provides an answer: Dowager the widow of a peer, eg the Dowager Duchess of Leinster chose live! Productive life at Stanwick Park, creating elaborate gardens and cultivating fruits and flowers be sold outside of the,. Dowries in recent decades, as in other South Asian countries some inflation before and. Property controlled by the groom 's family is not satisfied with the displayed dowry, they... A consequence of son preference 2 ] [ 3 ] dowry is widely considered to be a! Payment of the American Sociological Association son-in-law for themselves the father to divide as he wished among his heirs 52... His heirs which concentrates property and is referred to as paraphernalia property or extra-dotal property is... New husband giving a dowry, the property owned by a family, if divorce! In 1911 allow a daughter to be both a cause and a consequence of son preference dowry. Duchess of Leinster chose to live at Number 14 Harley Street in.... - 2023Disclaimer- terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -! Tradition found across many cultures, religions and time periods depend on the land the!