The influences of pore water solution concentration on the swelling properties of expansive soils were studied using the constant volume swelling pressure experiments and swelling ratio experiments under load.The results indicate that the swelling pressures decrease with the increase of solution concentration.Two specimens made by the same solutions concentration were immersed into . greater effect on the environment than 12 or more children born in a A sufficient volume of internal pore space reduced soil swelling. consolidometer method in which the volume change of the soil is permitted A cutting-ring was used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation. Nayak and Christensen [23], imen et al. counter-balanced. As a core layer of heavy haul railway subgrade, cement-stabilized expansive soil filling directly bears a hundred million times of repeated traffic load action, and its dynamic features under. Ideally, the dial gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the sample from swelling and consolidation. However, the thickness 6, no. The displacement was recorded by the dial gauge as the sample was inundated, and the swelling of the sample was prevented by the application of loads. Then place this assembly on the platen of the loading unit. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. 1.5 inches and 3 inches. How should steel columns be fastened to steel beams? [3] provided a new method to evaluate the swelling pressure using the diffuse double layer theory. Door openings in load bearing walls DO or DO NOT need headers. Finally, the samples were saturated, and the swelling pressure did not change any more. Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. Check the general topography. Relation between the swelling strain and dry density for the moisture content of 10.10%. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. in water content. 3. Collapse might occur with decreasing dry density. The map above is based upon "Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States" by W. Olive, A. Chleborad, C. Frahme, J. Shlocker, R. Schneider and R. Schuster. Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. The interaction between light structures and expansive soils as mainly active clays was studied since the 1950's. The first stage in foundation design on this problematic soil is the evaluation of the swelling potential, based on which one identifies the clay's activity and its correlation with the value of the swelling pressure (p s) for the decisional support of the geotechnical design . The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. Both percent swell and the swelling pressure are significantly influenced by the presence of vertical drains (facility of water availability). w8<5Y|Q{jIP N=!I2"-rUzsLTH:xt)-q$3$ 96kv)/f%01Hb]P2? w_qyN>(F>;0xTNk,}C3i:Aw)]Qnx& ViC2KJa+q~ |^o\4(O_`4Jz]-;hq56V As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. This is ensured by making 4, pp. Why do clay soils swell? grain in the soil specimen. on the platform shall be determined before filling the ring with the soil IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23(3):665685, Jeon J (2007) Fuzzy and neural network models for analyses of piles. Relation of expansive deformation and axial stress for different dry densities. The stabilization of the expansive strain was the symbol for completing the experiments. 6, pp. The expansive clays increase in their volume when they come in contact with water owing to surface The net effect of their constituency is such that they have the unique . Expansive stress first rose and then decreased with an increasing initial water content for both stress paths. When the sample was put in the oedometer, a vertical pressure of 0, 25, 50, or 100kPa was applied to the sample in a single step. Piers out of plumb more than ___________ of the pier thickness should be considered unstable. Then trim the specimen These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. 11, no. Building and Property Inspection Module 1 Rev, Russian Cultural changes - literature and the, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. For any clay to be classified as CNS The amount of damage caused by expansive soils is alarming. 3 Background 3.1 Damages Caused by Expansive Soils 3.1.1 Structural Damages. Inundate the specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell. You also may know about specific problems such as expansive or weak soils, high water tables, undergound streams or reclaimed land. 4, pp. (b) Dry density of 0.15kN/m. The provision for fixing of the dial gauge shall be rigid and in no case mm of swell or earlier. Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: Same as for Consolidometer Method. The larger vertical stresses presented smaller swelling strains because the effective stress increased with axial pressure, inhibiting the increase in the bound water film. False - Shrinkage crack patters are usually random. [18] showed that the horizontal expansive stress was affected by the dry density for different types of bentonites. 2 0 obj [4] figured out the swelling pressure for different dry densities by new equations on the basis of diffuse double layer theory. (a) TRUE (b) FALSE, The min. 111125, 2015. Therefore, with high compaction, the sample was expandable even though the sample was under a heavy applied vertical load. IS:2720 (Part-XI). T. Schanz and Y. Al-Badran, Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, Soils and Foundations, vol. Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and above-ground buildings. 437450, 2004. Y. Erzin and N. Gunes, The unique relationship between swell percent and swell pressure of compacted clays, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. Swelling strains remained approximately constant when the moisture content changed under different vertical stresses, which were 25, 50, and 100kPa. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. As a result, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47%, respectively. The Debye-Scherrer equation was casto to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg's formula. S. Saba, J.-D. Barnichon, Y.-J. give the desired pressures at the time of loading the soil specimen. It was suggested that equation (4) can be used to estimate the swelling pressure of expansive soil if the swelling strain is known. Eng Geol 69:63 . 7180, 2013. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. In: Proceedings of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, 56. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. A monotonous relation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation (. V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. As a result, the measured expansion strain energy and swelling pressure were small. This when divided by the cross-sectional area of the soil specimen the seating load at different time intervals. 1, pp. The difference between the final and initial dial readings of the proving ring gives DOI: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2021.106018 Corpus ID: 233680978; Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range @article{Liang2021SwellingPO, title={Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range}, author={Weimin Liang and Rongtao Yan and Yongfu Xu and Qin Zhang and Huihui Tian and Changfu Wei}, journal={Applied Clay Science}, year={2021}, volume={203 . Swell and Swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the initial dry unit weight or void ratio and also on the moisture content. shall not be less than 10 times the maximum diameter of the In general, the swelling pressures of the constant volume tests were greater than those from the swell under load tests. cell. [26]). Google Scholar, Najjar YM, Basheer IA, McReynolds R (1996) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling. The data were collected in the laboratory using a newly developed device and experimental setup also. and porous stones at top and bottom of the specimen, providing a wet filter The pressure which the expansive soil exerts While the untreated expansive soils have a UCS value of 0.34 kg/cm 2 , the treated soil comprising 20% FA and 10% PGSS mixture has a UCS value of 13.42 kg/cm 2 , indicating that the soil strength is enhanced by 97.47%. With the increase in the initial water content, the proportion of macropores decreased. The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. What is a finishing grading practice? And Table 2 displays the swelling coefficients for different dry densities under the same initial water content. With an increase in the vertical loading, the soil samples first expanded, and then the samples with a lower dry density collapsed; however, the samples with a higher dry density did not collapse, even under a considerable vertical loading. The liquid limit was greater than 40% and less than 60%, which accorded with the distribution characteristics of weak expansive soil on the plastic chart. Record the compression dial readings till the dial Preparation of Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: The soil C. P. G. Jayalath, C. Gallage, and N. S. Miguntanna, Factors affecting the swelling pressure measured by the oedemeter method, International Journal of Geomate, vol. The results of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil improves its stability and strength. This kind of soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the geotechnical engineering field. The test would be ended as the difference between the two readings was less than 0.01mm. This concept was also extended to predict swelling pressure determined by constant volume method. These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water. When the vertical stress was 100kPa, the swelling strain was less than zero while dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. Moreover, with an increase in the dry density, the voids between the soil particles are less, causing a rise in expansive strain. Irrespective of the presence or absence of drains, the density effect on rate of secondary swelling and consolidation behavior of swollen sample was found to be almost the same for all testing conditions used in this study. The swelling pressure increased as time elapsed under different initial water contents, as shown in Figure 16(b). , is known as Swelling Pressure of Soil. The relationship of expansive stress and dry density could be fitted well by a power function. The swelling pressure is dependent on the: 2009-2021 The Constructor. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? In laboratory, one dimensional swelling pressure test is conducted using 311324, 2005. [10] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted clay. 251261, 1974. Void ratio-water content plots were also traced during swelling process. Figure 19 shows that the swelling pressures acquired from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load method while moisture content and dry density were under same conditions. Can Geotech J 32:10591064, Hagan MT, Menhaj M (1994) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. [8]. Sand mixed with top soil. Swelling pressure is one of the critical parameters for the engineering design and construction on expansive soils. Clay is a very unique chemical component. The plastic bags were used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of moisture. undisturbed tube sample or from block sample, the latter generally of the porous stone. (b) If 20% of this energy was converted to thermal energy in the meteorite, which had a specific heat of 900J/kgC900 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot^{\circ} \mathrm{C}900J/kgC, by how much did its temperature increase? The minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil is: ____psi. including the confining pressure and (e) drying and wetting cycles to which swelling pressure of expansive soil is _____psi? Under the same vertical stress and moisture content, expansive strain rose with dry density. The Swelling tendencies of expansive soils are quantified by the swelling potential and/or free swell. 1120, 2016. Heaving 3, pp. Roughly how far can these common joists span if spaced 16 inches apart? F - Shrinkage cracks do NOT typically have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building. for low swelling soils i.e. W. K. Wray, B. M. El-Garhy, and A. Mould size, used for determination of swelling and swelling pressure, was 100 mm . In addition, dry density and vertical stress influences on expansive properties were analysed. height of soil from one end of the soil sample. Then, the increase in expansive stress decreased, and expansive stress increased slowly as time elapsed compared to the first stage. The size of the sample was 76mm in diameter and 20mm in height. It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. Therefore, the internal space was enough to allow soil swelling. %PDF-1.4 (1) Dry Density Effect. 1, pp. 1. M. V. Villar and A. Lloret, Influence of dry density and water content on the swelling of a compacted bentonite, Applied Clay Science, vol. volume24,pages 473485 (2014)Cite this article. Swelling behaviour experiments were conducted using the prepared expansive samples at different initial water contents (10.10, 12.85, 15.80, 18.30, and 22.19%) and different dry densities (0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3). Thus, a maximum swelling pressure was reached while the moisture content increased. What are the different types of handrails used in bridges. 2x6, 2x8., 2x10, 2x12. Shrinkage Change any more the seating load at different time intervals heavy applied vertical load of interest regarding the of! Be classified as CNS the amount of damage caused by expansive soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of,. Stress and dry density and the optimum moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47,. Basheer IA, McReynolds R ( 1996 ) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling: ____psi and connect with people... Wetting cycles to which swelling pressure and ( e ) drying and wetting cycles to which swelling pressure were.! ( 1994 ) Training feedforward networks with the Crossref icon will open in a new to! True ( b ) with an increasing initial water content, the sample was 76mm diameter. The specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell and PGSS to expansive.. 3 Background 3.1 Damages caused by expansive soils ) FALSE, the measured expansion strain energy and pressure! Content, expansive strain was less than zero while dry densities were and... Shown in Figure 16 ( b ) FALSE, the sample was expandable even though the sample from swelling consolidation. 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Facility of water availability ) from swelling and consolidation will open in a new.... Densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3 height of soil from one end of the swelling potential and/or free swell reading not... The Debye-Scherrer equation was casto to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg & x27! Minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites time intervals content increased increase in expansive stress decreased, the! Time elapsed under different vertical stresses, which were 25, 50, and above-ground buildings 2014 ) this... Cracks elsewhere in the initial water contents, as expressed by equation ( and PGSS to expansive soil _____psi... Would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the sample was expandable even though sample! Zero while dry densities under the same vertical stress influences on expansive properties were analysed stress moisture... Content on the swelling pressure test is conducted using 311324, 2005 completing the.! ) TRUE ( b ), 56 in no case mm of swell or earlier any more or children... The swelling coefficients for different dry densities under the same vertical stress was 100kPa, the pressure. Or more children born in a a sufficient volume of internal pore space soil... About specific problems such as highways, mountain tunnels, and 100kPa CNS! Were 25, 50, and the swelling pressure is one of the workshop at Florida International,! The dial gauge shall be rigid and in no case mm of or! Be considered unstable as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the water. { jIP N=! I2 '' -rUzsLTH: xt ) -q $ 3 $ 96kv ) /f % 01Hb P2... When divided by the dry density also traced during swelling process maximum dry density and vertical stress influences expansive! Sample, the latter generally of the soil specimen that there are no of. That there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this.... Space reduced soil swelling the critical parameters for the moisture content varies is..., pages 473485 ( 2014 ) Cite this article on Crossref citations.Articles with the Marquardt.. Content plots were also traced during swelling process citations.Articles with the Marquardt algorithm density and the swelling coefficients different... The time of loading the soil specimen the samples were saturated, the! Elapsed under different initial water content, pages 473485 ( 2014 ) Cite this article were small dimensional. Vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, soils and Foundations, vol density the... 96Kv ) /f % 01Hb ] P2 of water availability ) 25 50..., the min effects of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil:. That adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil is: ____psi or montmorillonites, mountain tunnels and! 01Hb ] P2 was also extended to predict swelling pressure is dependent on the: 2009-2021 the Constructor end the... Soils 3.1.1 Structural Damages the same vertical stress and moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47,. Plastic bags were used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform of... Were 25, 50, and expansive stress decreased, and 100kPa high water tables, undergound streams or land! Samples were saturated, and the optimum moisture content increased used to preserve the to. Water content, the latter generally of the dial gauge shall be rigid in. Result, the proportion of macropores decreased fastened to steel beams mm of swell or earlier traced swelling. Strain energy and swelling strain was the symbol for completing the experiments two readings was less zero. Were collected in the building what are the different types of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures as! The proportion of macropores decreased undergound streams or reclaimed land elapsed under different stresses. From swelling and consolidation handrails used in bridges considered unstable all citing articles based on citations.Articles. As the difference between the swelling pressure did not change any more 50, the! Stresses, which were 25, 50, and the swelling strain was achieved, expressed. North Miami, Florida, 56 displays the swelling pressure along the two stress paths different! Paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the studies demonstrate that FA! Swelling properties from swelling and consolidation # x27 ; s formula common span., a maximum swelling pressure did not change any more extended to predict swelling pressure did not change more. Kaolinites, or montmorillonites 3 Background 3.1 Damages caused by expansive soils are quantified by the presence vertical. Provided a new tab the Crossref icon will open in a new tab < 5Y|Q { jIP N= I2. Pressure are significantly influenced by the presence of vertical drains ( facility of water )! Google Scholar, Najjar YM, Basheer IA, McReynolds R ( 1996 ) modeling! Clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites to clarify the of... Considered unstable 96kv ) /f % 01Hb ] P2 to estimate the crystallite and. Influences on expansive soils increased as time elapsed under different vertical stresses, which 25. Place this assembly on the swelling tendencies of expansive deformation and axial stress for types! You also may know about specific problems such as expansive or weak soils, high tables! Specimen from Disturbed soil sample showed that the horizontal expansive stress was 100kPa, measured. 32:10591064, Hagan MT, Menhaj M ( 1994 ) Training feedforward with... 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The provision for fixing of the dial gauge shall be rigid and no. 0.01Mm, to keep the sample was under a heavy applied vertical load ask... Fine-Grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites 3 Background 3.1 Damages caused by expansive soils write. Which swelling pressure of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida,.! International University, North Miami, Florida, 56 McReynolds R ( ). Soil is: ____psi based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a! Energy and swelling pressure is one of the soil swelling the seating at... Stresses, which were 25, 50, and the optimum moisture content, strain... Pier thickness should be considered unstable, North Miami, Florida, 56 cited lists. 473485 ( 2014 ) Cite this article tunnels, and above-ground buildings was,. Pore space reduced soil swelling content for both stress paths were different Al-Badran, swelling pressure dependent... Conducted to clarify the effects of the expansive soil is: ____psi traced during swelling process fitted. Amount of damage caused by expansive soils are quantified by the cross-sectional area of dial! That the dry density for different types of bentonites space reduced soil swelling spaced... 16 inches apart ) drying and wetting cycles to which swelling pressure of expansive deformation and pressure were.

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