The Washington Post, p. B01. Rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment in the military: The quick facts. (2012, January 12). A poem about napalm, reportedly written by members of the US First Air Cavalry, surfaced during the war. Boot, M. (2012). The issues and problems discussed so far in this chapter concern the nation's elementary and secondary schools in view of their critical importance for tens of millions of children and for the nation's social and economic well-being. To get a more accurate estimate of how many such crimes occur, sound social research is necessary. NIJ's portfolio of social science research on forensic science was built in three "waves." But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. As one business writer put it, Collectively, it is our patriotic responsibility to help our nations servicemen and women thrive in todays economy (Gerber, 2012). Third, and helping to explain the success of this lobbying, military spending provides jobs and income to the home districts of members of Congress. The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. A.I.D.E. The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in which Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to wage an undeclared war in Vietnam, was passed after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked US ships. War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. Worrell, M. P. (2011). As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. Vaccine At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was introduced to the world. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. Russia ranked second with $5.3 billion in arms deliveries, while Germany ranked third with $2.6 billion (Grimmett, 2011). Now, all I see is blood (Herdy & Moffeit, 2004, p. 4). Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. Causes of war. Bacevich, A. The Union of Concerned Scientists (2009) summarizes their danger bluntly: Nuclear weapons remain the greatest and most immediate threat to human civilization. However more peaceful the world is today, it could easily end at any moment. Collier, E. C. (1993). Conventional arms transfers to developing nations, 20032010. In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). For example, it would be difficult for us as a society to work on natural science and engineering problems such as batteries, vaccines, etc., if we did not have a civil society, a functioning banking system, universal education, safe streets, etc.and all of these are social problems, not natural science problems. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. Although calculations are complex, total military spending accounted for an estimated 43 percent to 48 percent of discretionary spending in 2011 (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. Killer species. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Identify two social science issues related to education. Federal spending includes both mandatory and discretionary spending. Women veterans say that when they do report rape and sexual assault, military officials typically either blame them for what happened, ignore the crime altogether, or give the offender a very mild punishment such as not being allowed to leave a military base for a short period. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html. Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. 4 Units. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. 221232). Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Wells, T. (1994). Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have also come back home with these problems. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. This fear can take a psychological toll on all members of these families, but perhaps especially on children. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. : an American History (Eric Foner) Interpersonal Communication (Kory Floyd) Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Social research can help solve them. napalm sticks to kids. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). All these killings were outright slaughter. Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. (2011, July 22). Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 Inevitably, Vietnamese civilians were in the path of the fireballs generated by the US and South Vietnamese militaries. social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. Voice of America News. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. The di. US veterans: By the numbers. Our nations failure to meet their needs is shameful. As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). First, the defense industry is very effective at lobbying Congress for increased military spending, with the cozy relationship among members of the military-industrial complex helping to ensure the effectiveness of this lobbying. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. Feinstein, A. As this brief discussion indicates, although the massacre of 347 Vietnamese at the hamlet of My Lai is undoubtedly the Vietnam massacre that is best known (and perhaps the only known) to the American public, massacres were far from rare and in fact were rather common. Of these reported cases, only one-fifth went to trial, and only half of these defendants were convicted. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. If warfare is not biological in origin, then it is best understood as a social phenomenon, one that has its roots in the decisions of political and military officials. Children of deployed troops struggle, study finds. Many examples of this impact exist, but one well-known example involves the defeat of Germany in World War I, which led to a worsening economy during the next decade that in turn helped fuel the rise of Hitler. Where do our income tax dollars go. Their unemployment rate was 13.1 percent in December 2011, compared to only 8.5 percent for the general public; the unemployment rate for veterans ages 2024 was near 30 percent (Dewan, 2011; Zornick, 2012). Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. To illustrate this trend, compare two periods of history (Pinker, 2012). New York, NY: Routledge. The Second World War triggered a series of rapid and far-reaching social changes in Newfoundland and Labrador. Although World War II killed an estimated 55 million people, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the twentieth century than in earlier eras. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors. This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. Third, most people are not violent, and most soldiers have to be resocialized (in boot camp or its equivalent) to overcome their deep moral convictions against killing. tific Monthly 50: 5-17, 1940. Week 1 Question 7 Identify two social science issues related toeducation. As a reminder, the social science principles we focus on in this course are social roles, social institutions, social norms, and beliefs and values. In 2010, the US official military budget (defense outlays only) was $698 billion. Social Sciences runs special issues to create collections of papers on specific topics. The American Civil War, also called the War Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later. To put that another way, between 43 percent and 48 percent of all federal income tax dollars were used for military expenditures that year. Listen December 26, 2022 00:49:51 As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. There are many social and ethical issues surrounding the use and abuse of drugs. Choose one of the five social institutions. The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010). The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from by clicking the purchase button below $12.00 Added to cart Related Questions: Watch this clip from the popular TV show Adam Ruins Everything titled The Secret Reason Weed is Illegal . This latter fact needs some explanation. Women veterans who are raped or sexually assaulted often suffer PTSD. This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. A related problem is suicide. The more they spend on their military (guns), the less they can spend on food for their poor and other domestic needs (butter). The shadow world: Inside the global arms trade. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Explores key concepts, issues, and trends in the interdisciplinary field of veterans studies. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). New York Times. Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . Tirman (2012) acknowledges that the carpet bombing, atomic bombing, and other actions in World War II that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians may have had strategic purposes, and the morality of these actions remains hotly debated today. It soon became the biggest social and economical problem for the whole world. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. (2012, February 8). New York Times, p. A12. Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf (accessed February 16, 2012); Martinez, L. (2011, November 11). The social science research informs everything from national security to technology development to healthcare and economic management. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. Obamas defense cuts are a drop in the bucket. A social issue is a problem that reduces the quality of life of people. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. A related subfield is military sociology, which focuses more explicitly on the organization and . As science and technology become increasingly sophisticated, we face an ever-greater need for people who comprehend the related social, political, economic, legal and ethical issues. to social improvement. It includes studies of individuals and the . The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . The first is the thirteenth century, when the Mongol Empire under the initial leadership of Genghis Khan became an empire in Asia and Eastern Europe through wars and conquest in which it killed 40 million people. It includes a range of topics on social science and humanities, such as history, culture, geography, sociology, education, etc. Want to create or adapt books like this? If this high rate had held true during the twentieth century, 2 billion people would have died in twentieth-century wars rather than the 100 million who did die (Pinker, 2012). These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. Are we giant suckers? The Navy plans to purchase twelve of these submarines. Identify two social science issues related to education. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. Leitenberg, M. (2006). (2012, February 17). The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. Nuclear war is no longer a two-player game, as it largely was during the cold war, with the U.S. and NATO facing off against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. By 2011, NIJ's solicitation for social science research on forensic science yielded several solid proposals, and we were able to fund five projects. (2012, January 8). New York Times, p. A1. Tirman notes that approximately 6 million civilians and soldiers died in the Korean, Vietnam/Indochina, Iraq, and Afghanistan wars. Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. . In this manner, a genetic tendency for physical aggression and warfare developed and thus still exists today. (2012). (2012). Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation and Inequality, Chapter 15: Population and the Environment, Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars, http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm, http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51817_ BAGHDAD_-_Iraqi_Soldiers,_with_the_6th_IA_Division,_ familiarize_themselves_with_their_targets_and_prepare_ for_a_PKC_machine_gun_range_at_Combat _Outpost_402,_here,_Sept._28._In_addition_to_ marksmanship.jpg, Chapter 15 Population and the Environment, Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv, http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find, http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories, http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989, http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html, http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html, http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html, http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf, http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/, http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html, http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131, http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html, http://costofwar.com/en/tradeoffs/state/CA/program/11/tradeoff/0, http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html, http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf, http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html, http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security, http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823, https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf, http://www.thenation.com/blog/165487/job-numbers-are-veterans-are-left-behind, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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